(social sciences, media criticism) The aspects of traditional masculinity perceived to reinforce aggression, emotionlessness and other negative qualities.

(sociology) The practice that legitimizes men's dominant position of men in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.

The model of masculinity under fascist Italy was an idealized version of masculinity prescribed by dictator Benito Mussolini during his reign as fascist dictator of Italy from 1925—1943.

During the Victorian era, there were, as in all eras, certain social expectations that the separate genders were expected to adhere to in the United Kingdom and the British Empire.