The term "humanitarian" emerges in these literary examples as a multifaceted and sometimes ambivalent idea. In some texts it designates an evolving set of moral ideals and social progress, as seen in Chekhov’s portrayal of gradually developing humanitarian ideas ([1], [2], [3], [4]), or in its endorsement within various social movements ([5], [6]). At other times, however, the term is employed ironically or critically; for instance, Nietzsche’s works reveal a sarcastic tone when referring to the "humanitarian blessings" of Christianity ([7], [8], [9], [10]), while Conrad occasionally portrays it as a grotesque or counterintuitive passion ([11], [12]). Furthermore, both Wilde and Dostoyevsky use the term to underscore contradictions between genuine humanitarian intent and more self-serving or performative actions ([13], [14], [15]). In this way, literature uses "humanitarian" not only to signal ideals of ethical reform but also to question those very ideals when they conflict with or mask underlying socio-political realities ([16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]).